In the area of administrative law, it is essential to determine the role of the judiciary as a protector of rights and interests granted by the Constitution, while at the same time not hindering the genuine tasks of the executive arm of the government to function in the public law sphere. To be specific, this research examined, within the Mongolian context, the question of why it is important to differentiate between the judiciary as a tool of control of the executive branch of government and as an instrument for the protection of rights and interests in relation to the citizens and the state. The concept of judicial review in relation to the initial conditions required for litigation in administrative law is a new and unchallenged area of law and practice in Mongolia in terms of theoretical roots and background.
From a structural point of view, this thesis examines the paradigm change of administrative litigation in Mongolia from historical, comparative, and typological perspectives in each of its five chapters. Thus, a comparative typological analysis is made in three consecutive phases (from control, to remedy, up to the end of paradigm change). First, chapters one and two examine Mongolian administrative litigation from its initial status, as a Control Type administrative dispute settlement system, moving toward a Remedy Type system, which includes a historical and comparative study of French, German and Japanese models of administrative litigation. In next phase, chapters three and four scrutinized in detail based on the findings of previous chapters (first attempt of reform) to determine paradigm change in Mongolian administrative litigation, comparatively with Japanese institution and practice. Chapter five includes additional analysis of recent administrative law developments, which constitutes the (second attempt) to reform Mongolian administrative law. The final section of chapter five asks if the paradigm in Mongolian administrative litigation is complete from a typological perspective, transforming from Administrative Control to Court Remedy.
Concerning the argument presented in the thesis, there has been no prior research conducted that responds to the question of the status of Mongolian administrative litigation in terms of a comparative typology analysis: control type or remedy type, as well as a historical perspective in relation to the present paradigm and its tendency. Until there is an understanding of how and under what circumstances and influence Mongolian administrative litigation began and eventually formed its present status, it would be impossible to determine the exact cause of setbacks in development and suggest further improvement for administrative litigation in Mongolia. Therefore, the intended aim of the current research, which is consistent with such an understanding, is to advance the development of administrative litigation, specifically contributing to paradigm change that facilitates greater protection of individual rights and legal interests through judicial review.
In relation to the first part of the research question for this thesis, particularly concerning the phrase “From Administrative Control,” it must be noted, from the viewpoint of administrative litigation and history, that soviet administrative dispute settlement is one variety of control type (administrative control). Therefore, in Mongolia the control type administrative settlement procedure was established. In other words, providing a remedy based on individual rights was not the purpose of administrative litigation in Mongolia, from the 1920s up to the 1990s. This was a non-contentious (non-litigation) type procedure; in other words, it was not an adversarial system. With regards to the second part of the research question, from Administrative Control “to Court Remedy,” even though the law changed to an adversarial (litigation) type of procedure, in actual practice the control type of procedure is often utilized which reveals that the paradigm change is formal but not substantial. Paradigm change from control type to remedy type has been somewhat achieved at the institutional level in the sphere of administrative litigation; however, legal thinking and practice in Mongolia is difficult to change, as it endeavors to transition toward a remedy type litigation, because of path dependence.
Finally, is the paradigm change complete? By the enactment of the General Administrative Law and the Administrative Court Procedure Law, Mongolian administrative law recognizes the categorization of litigation; thus, it now distinguishes between the different purposes of different types of litigation. Based on this step, it will serve as a catalyst to further strengthen subjective litigation by developing preconditions such as the concept of administrative act and standing. The administrative law reforms in 2016 are another attempt to change to remedy type administrative litigation as a continuum of the first attempt that took place in the early 2000s. The Mongolian approach to legal interpretation includes first defining the legal concept in statutory law and then enforcing this concept through case law. In this circumstance, because of insufficient practice and poor theoretical basis, it is difficult to appropriately use abstract legal concepts in particular cases. With regards to some of the findings of the current research in the recent Mongolian administrative litigation law, the ACPL is one example of a practical application of the thesis claim. Such reforms represent a preferred way in which to develop the law, where accumulation of practice and theoretical discussions related to the cases help to shape the further development of statutory law regulations.
Бүртгэлтэй бол нэвтрэх | Бүртгэлгүй бол бүртгүүлэх
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Tsend, Tsogt. “Захиргааны процессын эрх зүйн шинэчлэл: захиргааны хэрэг хянан шийдвэрлэх ажиллагааны зорилго ба хэрэг хянан шийдвэрлэх ажиллагааны төрөл” [Administrative Procedure Law Reform: Purpose and Categorization of Administrative Litigation]. National University of Mongolia, School of Law, Law Review 2. 34 (2016). http://legaldata.mn/b/119.
———. “Монгол Улсын захиргааны хэргийн шүүхийн эрх зүйн орчин, дүн шинжилгээ” [Legal Environment and Analysis of Administrative Court in Mongolia]. The National Legal Institute of Mongolia Law Review 2016/03 (58) (2016).
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———. “Захиргааны хэргийн шүүх - Хүний эрх” [The Administrative Court - Human Right]. The Human Right 4 (2005).
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Uhlman, Rudolf E., and Hans G. Rupp. “German System of Administrative Courts: A Contribution to the Discussion of the Proposed Federal Administrative Court.” Illinois Law Review 31 (1936–1937): 1028–46.
———. “German System of Administrative Courts: A Contribution to the Discussion of the Proposed Federal Administrative Court.” Ill. L. Rev. 31 (1936): 847.
Vaksberg, Arkady. Stalin’s Prosecutor: The Life of Andrei Vyshinsky. Translated by Jan Butler. New York: Grove Pr, 1991.
Vanchig, Udval. “Шүүх эрх мэдэл” [Power to Adjudicate]. In The issues of the concept of the Constitution of Mongolia, 122–35, 1999.
———. Удирдлагын эрх зүй [Regulatory Law]. Ulaanbaatar, 1999.
Wada, Hideo. “The Administrative Court under the Meiji Constitution.” Law Japan 10 (1977): 1.
Weil, Prosper. “The Strength and Weakness of French Administrative Law.” The Cambridge Law Journal 23, no. 02 (November 1965): 242.
Woolf, The Right Hon Lord. De Smith’s Judicial Review: Mainwork & Supplement. Edited by Sir Jeffrey Jowell and Prof Andrew le Sueur. 7th Revised edition edition. London: Sweet & Maxwell, 2014.
Зеленцов, А. Б. “Кодекс административного судопроизводства Российской Федерации как предпосылка смены парадигмы в теории административного права” [Code of Administrative Court Procedure of the Russian Federation as a Prerequisite for Changing the Paradigm in the Theory of Administrative Law]. Административное право и процесс 11 (2015): 22–37.
“Түүчээ тэрэг” ХХК ба Ашигт малтмалын газрын Кадастрын хэлтэс [Tuuchee tereg Company v. Mineral Authority] Case no 0380 (Mongolia|MN Захиргааны хэргийн анхан шатны 20 дугаар шүүх).
“Сүүн бүтээгдэхүүн хэрэглэгчийн төв” ТББ ба Мэргэжлийн хяналтын ерөнхий газар [“Center for Dairy Product Consumers” NGO v. State Inspection Agency] Case no 0134 (Mongolia|MN Захиргааны хэргийн давж заалдах шатны шүүх).
Иргэн Б ба Монгол Улсын хүний эрхийн үндэсний комиссын гишүүн П.Оюунчимэг, Мянганы сорилтын сангийн гүйцэтгэх захирлын үүрэг гүйцэтгэгч Б.Батбаатар нар [Mr.B v. Member of the National Human Rights Commission (NHRC)] Case no 040 (Mongolia|MN Улсын дээд шүүх).
“Эм Си Си Си корпорэйшн” ХХК ба Барилга, хот байгуулалтын яам болон Барилгын хөгжлийн төв Case no 448 (Mongolia|MN Захиргааны хэргийн давж заалдах шатны шүүх).
Verwaltungsverfahrensgesetz [Administrative Procedure Act], 718 (Federal Law Gazette 1976).
А.Цэрэнчимэдийн орон сууц хүссэн өргөдлийг шийдвэрлээгүй орхигдуулсан тухай нэхэмжлэлтэй хэрэг [Application for housing Case] Case no 619 (MN|Улаанбаатар Chingeltei District Court).
Grundgesetz für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland [Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany], 2438 (Federal Law Gazette 1949).
“Хил хязгааргүй гол мөрөн” ТББ -ын нэхэмжлэлтэй Иргэний харьяалал, шилжилт хөдөлгөөний ерөнхий газарт холбогдох хэрэг [Borderless Rivers NGO case] [2014] Case no 446 (Mongolia|MN Захиргааны хэргийн давж заалдах шатны шүүх, November 5, 2014).
Case to seek revocation of an administrative disposition, 2005(Gyo-Hi)397, Minshu Vol. 62, No. 8 (Supreme Court of Japan, September 10, 2008).
Chains of Action Case, Minshu Vol 20 No. 2, at 271 (Supreme Court of Japan).
“Closing Document of International Symposium on ‘Legal Reform and National Legal System.’” Ulaanbaatar, 2000.
Verwaltungsgerichtsordnung (VwGO) [Code of Administrative Court Procedure], 686 (Federal Law Gazette 1991).
Тэргүүн шадар сайд Н.Алтанхуягын нэхэмжлэлтэй Төрийн албаны зөвлөлд холбогдох хэрэг [Deputy Prime Minister v. The State Council for Civil Service] [2011] Case no 338 (Mongolia|MN Нийслэлийн захиргааны хэргийн шүүх, September 1, 2011).
Дүүргийн татварын хэлтэс [District Tax Office v. Capital City Tax Dispute Commission] Case no 237 (Mongolia|MN Нийслэлийн захиргааны хэргийн шүүх).
“Documents of International Symposium on ‘Legal Reform and National Legal System.’” Ulaanbaatar, 2000.
Шударга өрсөлдөөн, хэрэглэгчийн төлөө газрын нэхэмжлэлтэй НИТХ-ын тэргүүлэгчдэд холбогдох хэрэг [Fair Competition and Consumer Protection Agency v. Ulaanbaatar City Council] [2015] Case no 2390 (Mongolia|MN Захиргааны хэргийн анхан шатны 20 дугаар шүүх, April 8, 2015).
Шударга өрсөлдөөн, хэрэглэгчийн төлөө газрын нэхэмжлэлтэй Нийслэлийн засаг даргад холбогдох хэрэг [Fair Competition and Consumer Protection Agency v. Ulaanbaatar City Mayor] [2015] Case no 2409 (Mongolia|MN Захиргааны хэргийн анхан шатны 20 дугаар шүүх, April 9, 2015).
AAA [Administrative Appeal Act], 160 (1962).
ACLA [Administrative Case Litigation Act], 139 (1962).
APA [Administrative Procedure Act], 88 (1993).
Жардзэв ХХК ба Улаанбаатар хотын Ерөнхий менежер [“Jardzev” company v. General Manager of Ulaanbaatar City] [2004] Case no 33 (Mongolia|MN Нийслэлийн захиргааны хэргийн шүүх, November 4, 2004).
Захиргааны хэрэг хянан шийдвэрлэх тухай хуулийн зарим заалт үндсэн хуулийн холбогдох заалтуудыг зөрчсөн эсэх тухай маргааныг хянан шийдвэрлэсэн тухай Монгол Улсын Үндсэн хуулийн цэцийн дүгнэлт [Judgment on Petition for] (Mongolia|MN Constitutional Court).
З.Хайдарын нэхэмжлэлтэй, Нийслэлийн Иргэдийн Төлөөлөгчдийн Хурлын дарга, Тэргүүлэгчид холбогдох [Khaidar v. Ulaanbaatar City Council] [2016] Case no 573 (Mongolia|MN Нийслэлийн захиргааны хэргийн шүүх, August 16, 2016).
Land License for Korean Citizen Case Capital city administrative court, 585 decree on May 10, 2010 (Нийслэлийн Захиргааны хэргийн шүүхийн шүүгчийн 2010 оны 5 дугаар сарын 10-ны өдрийн 585 дугаар захирамж) [2010] Case no 585 (Mongolia|MN Нийслэлийн захргааны хэргийн шүүх, May 10, 2010).
Иргэдээс Төрийн Байгууллага, Албан Тушаалтанд Гаргасан Өргөдөл, Гомдлыг Шийдвэрлэх Тухай [Law on Procedure for Disposal of an Application, Complaint by a Citizen to the State Organization and Officials] (1995).
1990 Special Law on Complaint Procedure [Law on Procedure for Submitting the Complaint to the Court about Unlawful Activity of Organization and Official which Breached Right of Citizen of People’s Republic of Mongolia] (1990 оны 3 дугаар сарын 23-ны өдөр).
Монгол Улсын шүүх, прокурор, мөрдөн байцаах, хэрэг бүртгэх байгууллагын хууль зөрчсөн ажиллагааны улмаас иргэнд учирсан хохирлыг арилгах журмын тухай хууль [Law on Procedure of Removing the Damage to the Citizen that Caused by Unlawful Activity of Investigative, Prosecutorial and Judicial Organization of People’s Republic of Mongolia] (1990 оны 3 дугаар сарын 23-ны өдөр).
Монгол нохой Нийгэмлэгийн нэхэмжлэлтэй хэрэг [“Mongol Dog” Society Case] Case no 641 (MN|Улаанбаатар Chingeltei District Court).
Хүүхдийн хөдөлмөрийн тэвчишгүй хэлбэрүүдийн эсрэг үндэсний сүлжээ Нийгэмд үйлчлэх төрийн бус байгууллага, Хүүхэд хамгааллын үндэсний сүлжээ Нийгэмд үйлчлэх төрийн бус байгууллагуудын нэхэмжлэлтэй, Монгол Улсын Засгийн газарт холбогдох захиргааны хэрэг [National Child Protection Network and National Network against Intolerable Child Labor Forms v. Government Cabinet] (Mongolia|MN Capital City Administrative Court).
Nihonkokukenpō [The Constitution of Japan] (1946).
О.Лхагвадоржийн нэхэмжлэлтэй Баянмонгол хороололын газрын зөвшөөрөлтэй холбоотой хэрэг [O.Lkhagvadorj v. Governor of Ulaanbaatar city, City Land Office, and City Council] (Mongolia|MN Нийслэлийн захиргааны хэргийн шүүх).
Owners of the Khuvsgul Lake NGO case [2013] Case no 117 (Mongolia|MN Улсын дээд шүүх, June 24, 2013).
Revocation of Administrative Recommendation Case, [2005 Gyohi 207] Minshu Vol. 59 No. 6, at 1661 (Supreme Court of Japan).
Rubbish Incinerator Case, Minshu Vol 18 No. 8, at 1809 (Supreme Court of Japan).
Saibansho-hō [Court Act], 59 (1947).
Захиргааны хариуцлагын тухай хууль [The Administrative Penalty Law].
“Захиргааны хэрэг хянан шийдвэрлэх тухай хуулийн Хувийн хэрэг, УИХ-ын тамгын газрын архив” [The Archive Case File of the Law on Procedure for Administrative Case], 2002. The Parliament Archive.
“Захиргааны Ерөнхий Хуулийн Хувийн Хэрэг, УИХ-Ын Тамгын Газрын Архив” [The Case File of the General Administrative Law], 2015. The Parliament Archive.
Монгол Улсын Үндсэн Хууль [The Constitution of Mongolia] (1992).
GAL [The General Administrative Law] (2015).
Монгол Улсын Эрх Зүйн Шинэтгэлийн Хөтөлбөрийг Хэрэгжүүлэх Арга Хэмжээний Төлөвлөгөө [The Implementation Plan of the Legal Reform Program].
The Law for Special Regulations concerning the Procedure of Administrative Litigations, Pub. L. No. 81, Extra 1 Official Gazette Extra (1) 9–10 (Govt. Print. Bureau 1948).
Иргэний Хэрэг Шүүхэд Хянан Шийдвэрлэх Тухай [The Law on Civil Procedure] (1994).
Захиргааны Хэргийн Шүүх Байгуулах Тухай Хууль [The Law on Establishment of Administrative Court] (2002).
Захиргааны Хэрэг Хянан Шийдвэрлэх Тухай [The Law on Procedure for Administrative Case] (2002).
Захиргааны Хэрэг Шүүхэд Хянан Шийдвэрлэх Тухай [The Law on Procedure for Administrative Case] (2016).
Монгол Улсын Эрх зүйн шинэтгэлийн хөтөлбөр [The Legal Reform Program].
БНМАУ-ын Иргэний байцаан шийтгэх тухай хууль [The MPR Civil Investigation Procedure Law] (1952).
БНМАУ-ын Иргэний байцаан шийтгэх тухай хууль [The MPR Civil Investigation Procedure Law] (1967).
Монгол Улсын Хууль Тогтоомжийг 2000 Он Хүртэл Боловсронгуй Болгох Үндсэн Чиглэл [The parliamentary agenda on impoving legislation until 2000].
Энхтайван найрамдлын ордон ба Улсын бүртгэлийн газар [The Peace and Friendship Organization of Mongolia, a non-governmental organization] Case no 122 (Mongolia|MN Захиргааны хэргийн давж заалдах шатны шүүх).
Иргэний Хэрэг Шүүхэд Хянан Шийдвэрлэх Тухай (2002).
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